Chapter 13:
• Nature has made men relatively equal in terms of body and mind.
• Every man is also equally convinced that they are wiser than other men
• Men are primarily concerned with their own conservation, and they will subdue those who present a threat to this. The condition of man is war of everyone against everyone.
There are three main causes of quarrel and incline men to war:
Competition
These men seek their own gain through violence and dominance
Diffidence
These seek safety and their own defense
Glory
These are concerned with their reputation
Justice and injustice are not natural parts of the body or the mind; they are used to relate to other men in society.
There are also certain qualities that incline men to peace:
• The fear of death
• The desire for those things which allow a comfortable life
Chapter 14:
The right of nature is the right man has to preserve his own life. A law of nature is a rule by which man is not allowed to do things contrary to these rights of nature.
The first law of nature:
• To seek peace and follow it
Second law:
• Defend ourselves by all means necessary
All men should pursue peace, and use war when necessary to obtain it.
A contract is the transferring of right and can be signed expressively with words or by inference.
Covenants may be completed (performed) or forgiven (dissolved and retransferring of right)
Chapter 17:
It is not natural for men to work together to achieve a common good. If there is no higher power put in place, men will constantly be in a war-like state, relying on their strength to enforce contracts. A commonwealth must be enacted to defend from foreign invasion, injuries from one another, and secure a peaceful life.
The soverign power of control over the commonwealth may be obtained by force (commonwealth of acquisition) or voluntary submission (political commonwealth).
Chapter 18:
A political commonwealth (commonwealth of institution) is formed by a covenant between men subjecting themselves to the will of one (or a select few) man. The purpose of this institution is the peace and defense of the community.
Chapter 21:
A freeman is he who is not restricted from doing those things he is capable of doing. The liberty of a subject lies in those things the sovereign of the commonwealth allows them to do.
A man cannot be forced to confess a crime, as a man is not obliged to accuse himself by any covenant.
• Nature has made men relatively equal in terms of body and mind.
• Every man is also equally convinced that they are wiser than other men
• Men are primarily concerned with their own conservation, and they will subdue those who present a threat to this. The condition of man is war of everyone against everyone.
There are three main causes of quarrel and incline men to war:
- Competition
These men seek their own gain through violence and dominance- Diffidence
These seek safety and their own defense- Glory
These are concerned with their reputationJustice and injustice are not natural parts of the body or the mind; they are used to relate to other men in society.
There are also certain qualities that incline men to peace:
• The fear of death
• The desire for those things which allow a comfortable life
Chapter 14:
The right of nature is the right man has to preserve his own life. A law of nature is a rule by which man is not allowed to do things contrary to these rights of nature.
The first law of nature:
• To seek peace and follow it
Second law:
• Defend ourselves by all means necessary
All men should pursue peace, and use war when necessary to obtain it.
A contract is the transferring of right and can be signed expressively with words or by inference.
Covenants may be completed (performed) or forgiven (dissolved and retransferring of right)
Chapter 17:
It is not natural for men to work together to achieve a common good. If there is no higher power put in place, men will constantly be in a war-like state, relying on their strength to enforce contracts. A commonwealth must be enacted to defend from foreign invasion, injuries from one another, and secure a peaceful life.
The soverign power of control over the commonwealth may be obtained by force (commonwealth of acquisition) or voluntary submission (political commonwealth).
Chapter 18:
A political commonwealth (commonwealth of institution) is formed by a covenant between men subjecting themselves to the will of one (or a select few) man. The purpose of this institution is the peace and defense of the community.
Chapter 21:
A freeman is he who is not restricted from doing those things he is capable of doing. The liberty of a subject lies in those things the sovereign of the commonwealth allows them to do.
A man cannot be forced to confess a crime, as a man is not obliged to accuse himself by any covenant.